Reddy, The likelihood of GODs’ existence: improving the SN 1987 a constraint on the size of large compact dimensions, Phys. Savage, Extra dimensions, SN 1987 a, and nucleon-nucleon scattering data, Nucl. Peltoniemi, Inert neutrinos in supernovae, Nucl. Turner, Axions and SN 1987 a: axion trapping, Phys. Lattimer, Neutrinos from SN 1987 a, Astrophys. Krivosheina, Possible detection of a neutrino signal on 23 February 1987 at the Baksan Underground Scintillation Telescope of the Institute of Nuclear Research, JETP Lett. Bionta et al., Observation of a neutrino burst in coincidence with supernova SN 1987 a in the Large Magellanic Cloud, Phys. K amiokande-II collaboration, Observation of a neutrino burst from the supernova SN 1987 a, Phys. Janka, NS 1987 a in SN 1987 a, Astrophys. Burrows, A brief history of the co-evolution of supernova theory with neutrino physics, arXiv:1812.05612. Mueller, Theory of core-collapse supernovae, Phys. Lattimer, The birth of neutron stars, Astrophys. Raffelt, Stars as laboratories for fundamental physics: the astrophysics of neutrinos, axions, and other weakly interacting particles, Chicago Univ. We conclude that supernovae broadly provide a sensitive probe of new lightly-coupled particles interacting with muons. We constrain muon-coupled axions from arbitrarily low masses up to about 200 − 500 MeV, with bounds extending down to axion-muon couplings of approximately 10 −8 GeV −1. We also extend previous work on axion-muon couplings by examining the importance of loop-level interactions, as well as performing calculations over a wider range of axion masses. We constrain Z′ bosons with masses up to about 250 − 500 MeV, and down to about 10 −9 in Z′-muon coupling. For the first time, we find constraints on generic Z′ bosons coupled to muons, and apply our results to particle models including gauged L μ −L τ number, \( \mathrm \), and gauged B − L number, U(1) B−L. Contrary to the majority of previous SN1987A studies, we examine the impact of Z′ bosons, axions, and axion-like particles (ALPs) interacting with the muons produced in SN1987A. New light particles produced in supernovae can lead to additional energy loss and a consequent deficit in neutrino production in conflict with the neutrinos observed from Supernova 1987A (SN1987A).
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